Radiation curable composition, storing method thereof, forming method of cured film, patterning method, use of pattern, electronic components and optical waveguide

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a radiation curing composition comprising (a): a siloxane resin, (b): a photoacid generator or photobase generator, and (c): a solvent capable of dissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. no.PCT/JP2004/14850 filed on Oct. 7, 2004, now pending.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a radiation curable composition, astoring method thereof, a forming method of a cured film, a patterningmethod, an use of a pattern, electronic components and an opticalwaveguide.

2. Related Background of the Invention

As insulating films for use in LSIs and PDPs there have conventionallybeen used SiO₂ films formed by CVD methods, and organic SOG (Spin OnGlass) or inorganic SOG films formed by coating methods, because oftheir excellent heat resistance and electrical reliability. Withinsulating films of the prior art, however, it is impossible to directlyform wiring grooves or contact holes, and usually a photoresist ispatterned on the insulating film, followed by either dry etching withplasma or wet etching with a chemical solution, after which the film issubjected to a resist removal step or washing step to form a pattern. Onthe other hand, imparting photosensitive properties to an insulatingfilm material with excellent heat resistance, electrical reliability andtransparency eliminates the need for the resist material required in thesteps mentioned above, thereby allowing the plasma dry etching, chemicalsolution wet etching, resist removal and washing steps to be omitted.

In recent years there have been proposed radiation curing polysiloxanematerials with excellent heat resistance, electrical reliability andtransparency. For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.6-148895 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-24696 thereare disclosed photosensitive resin compositions comprising analkali-soluble siloxane polymer, a photoacid generator and a solvent,from which the water and catalyst have been removed. Japanese PatentApplication Laid-Open No. 2000-181069 and Japanese Patent ApplicationLaid-Open No. 2002-72502 disclose photosensitive polysilazanecompositions comprising polysilazane and a photoacid generator. Also,Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-288364 discloses aradiation curable composition comprising a hydrolyzable silane compound,a photoacid generator and an acid diffusion controller.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

However, when the present inventors conducted a detailed investigationof patterning using such conventional insulating film materials impartedwith photosensitive properties, it was found that when employing thephotosensitive resin compositions comprising an alkali-soluble siloxanepolymer, a photoacid generator and a solvent, from which the water andcatalyst have been removed as disclosed in Patent documents 1 and 2, forexample, a large light exposure dose is required in both cases, andtherefore mass production cannot be advantageously accomplished. Inaddition, when using the photosensitive polysilazane compositionscomprising polysilazane and a photoacid generator, as disclosed inPatent documents 3 and 4, the light exposure dose is low but the stepsof dipping in purified water after exposure or steps requiringhumidification treatment are obviously complicated, making it difficultto obtain high pattern precision. On the other hand, when using aradiation curable composition comprising a hydrolyzable silane compound,a photoacid generator and an acid diffusion controller, as disclosed inPatent document 5, the acid diffusion controller controls diffusion ofthe acid generated by the radiation, thereby allowing the patternprecision of the silane compound to be increased. Nevertheless, sincethe acid diffusion controller inactivates (neutralizes) the acid, thecuring property is impaired in cases with a low amount of photoacidgenerator or a low exposure dose, thereby often leading to lower patternprecision. Conversely, increasing the exposure dose in an attempt toimprove the patterning precision is clearly an unsuitable strategy formass production.

The present invention was accomplished in light of the circumstancesdescribed above, and it provides a radiation curable composition whichyields a cured product with excellent pattern precision even with arelatively low light exposure dose, a method for its storage, a formingmethod of a cured film and a patterning method, as well as an use of apattern, electronic components and an optical waveguide which employ theabove.

When forming patterns by generation of acid with radiation according tothe prior art, the generated acid is inactivated with an acid diffusioncontroller to improve the pattern precision. This requires an increasedexposure dose for generation of extra acid to compensate for theinactivation, and therefore it has been difficult to achieve bothimprovement in pattern precision and reduction in exposure dose.

Different strategies that have been considered for controlling diffusionof acid, other than by inactivation of the acid with an acid diffusioncontroller, include the strategy of reducing the exposure dose to reducethe amount of acid generated, lowering the temperature of thepost-exposure baking (PEB) step after exposure, or eliminating the PEBstep. However, the basic concepts of such strategies have not beenelucidated, nor have radiation curable compositions suited for suchstrategies existed. A radiation curable composition suited for suchstrategies would allow formation of highly precise patterns withoutusing an acid diffusion controller. Nevertheless, when patterning iscarried out using conventional radiation curable compositions, reducingthe amount of acid generated prevents curing from proceeding to anadequate degree. In addition, curing of the exposed sections also failsto adequately proceed when the temperature of the post-exposure baking(PEB) step after exposure is lowered or PEB is not carried out. As aresult, it has been difficult to form highly precise patterns.

As a result of much diligent research, the present inventors havecompleted the present invention after finding that the various problemsof the prior art can be overcome by a radiation curable compositioncomprising specific components, a forming method of a cured film and apatterning method.

The present invention provides a radiation curable compositioncomprising (a): a siloxane resin, (b): a photoacid generator orphotobase generator, and (c): a solvent capable of dissolving component(a) and containing an aprotic solvent.

The invention further provides the aforementioned radiation curablecomposition wherein the siloxane resin includes a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1)wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a group containing a B, N, Al, P,Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, X represents a hydrolyzablegroup and n represents an integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when nis 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, and when n is 0-2, each Xmay be the same or different.

The invention further provides the aforementioned radiation curablecomposition wherein the aprotic solvent is at least one solvent selectedfrom the group consisting of ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents,ether acetate-based solvents and ketone-based solvents. These aproticsolvents are preferred from the standpoint of sensitivity and patternprecision during pattern formation, and mechanical strength of the curedfilm.

The invention still further provides the aforementioned radiationcurable composition which further comprises component (d): a curingacceleration catalyst. Using a curing acceleration catalyst is preferredbecause it can heighten the effect of reducing the amount of photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, the effect of reducing the exposuredose or the effect of lowering the PEB temperature.

The invention still further provides the aforementioned radiationcurable composition wherein the curing acceleration catalyst is an oniumsalt. An onium salt is preferred because it can improve the electricalproperties and mechanical strength of the obtained cured film, whilealso increasing the stability of the composition.

The invention still further provides the aforementioned radiationcurable composition wherein the curing acceleration catalyst is aquaternary ammonium salt. Using a quaternary ammonium salt as the curingacceleration catalyst will more notably produce the aforementionedeffects of improving the electrical properties and mechanical strengthwhile increasing the stability of the composition.

The invention still further provides a forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of applying the aforementioned radiation curablecomposition onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, andexposing the coating, without heating of the coating after the exposurestep. According to this method, diffusion of the acid by heat andincreased production costs are adequately minimized, while the patternprecision of the cured film is sufficiently high.

The invention still further provides a forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of applying the aforementioned radiation curablecomposition onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposingthe coating, and heating the coating after the exposure step.

The invention still further provides a forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, andexposing the coating, without heating of the coating after the exposurestep. According to this method, diffusion of the acid by heat andincreased production costs are adequately minimized, while the patternprecision of the cured film is sufficiently high.

The invention still further provides a forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating,exposing the coating, and heating the coating to 70-110° C. after theexposure step. This method allows greater inhibition of the diffusion ofthe acid during heating.

The invention still further provides a forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, andexposing the coating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm².A light dose within this range will tend to facilitate control ofexposure and improve the productivity.

The invention still further provides a forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating,exposing the coating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm²,and heating the coating to 70-110° C. after the exposure step.

The invention still further provides the aforementioned forming methodof a cured film which employs a radiation curable composition comprisinga siloxane resin, wherein the siloxane resin includes a resin obtainableby hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1)wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a group containing a B, N, Al, P,Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, X represents a hydrolyzablegroup and n represents an integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when nis 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, and when n is 0-2, each Xmay be the same or different.

The invention still further provides a patterning method comprisingsteps of applying the aforementioned radiation curable composition ontoa substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposing the coating viaa mask and removing the unexposed sections of the coating after theexposure step by development, without heating of the coating after theexposure step. According to this method, diffusion of the acid by heatand increased production costs are adequately minimized, while thepattern precision of the cured film is sufficiently high. The “heat”referred to here means heat at a stage prior to the removal step, andheating may also be carried out after the removal step.

The invention still further provides a patterning method comprisingsteps of applying the aforementioned radiation curable composition ontoa substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposing the coating viaa mask, heating the coating after the exposure step and removing theunexposed sections of the coating by development after the heating step.

The invention still further provides a patterning method comprisingsteps of applying a radiation curable composition containing a siloxaneresin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposing thecoating via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of the coatingby development, without heating of the coating after the exposure step.According to this method, diffusion of the acid by heat and increasedproduction costs are adequately minimized, while the pattern precisionof the cured film is sufficiently high. The “heat” referred to heremeans heat at a stage prior to the removal step, and heating may also becarried out after the removal step.

The invention still further provides a patterning method comprisingsteps of applying a radiation curable composition containing a siloxaneresin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposing thecoating via a mask, heating the coating to 70-110° C. after the exposurestep, and removing the unexposed sections of the coating by developmentafter the heating step. This method allows greater inhibition of thediffusion of the acid during heating.

The invention still further provides a patterning method comprising astep of applying a radiation curable composition containing a siloxaneresin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposing thecoating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask,and removing the unexposed sections of the coating by development. Alight dose within this range will tend to facilitate control of exposureand improve the productivity.

The invention still further provides a patterning method comprisingsteps of applying a radiation curable composition containing a siloxaneresin onto a substrate and drying it to obtain a coating, exposing thecoating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask,heating the coating to 70-110° C. after the exposure step, and removingthe unexposed sections of the coating by development after the heatingstep.

The invention still further provides the aforementioned patterningmethod which employs a radiation curable composition comprising asiloxane resin, wherein the siloxane resin includes a resin obtainableby hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1)wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a group containing a B, N, Al, P,Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, X represents a hydrolyzablegroup and n represents an integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when nis 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, and when n is 0-2, each Xmay be the same or different.

The invention still further provides the aforementioned patterningmethod wherein a tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution is used as thedeveloping solution in the removal step. This method can adequatelyinhibit contamination of electronic components by alkali metals duringdevelopment.

The invention still further provides an use of a pattern wherein apattern formed by the aforementioned patterning method is used as aresist mask.

The invention still further provides an electronic component possessinga pattern formed by the aforementioned patterning method.

The invention still further provides an optical waveguide possessing apattern formed by the aforementioned patterning method.

The invention still further provides a storage method for theaforementioned radiation curable composition wherein the radiationcurable composition is stored at a temperature of 0° C. or below.Storing the composition at a temperature of 0° C. or below will resultin greater the storage stability than by storage at a temperature ofabove 0° C.

The radiation curable composition having this construction, the formingmethod of a cured film and patterning method using the radiation curablecomposition, and the storage method for the radiation curablecomposition allow formation of cured films with excellent patternprecision even using a relatively low exposure dose, thus overcoming theproblem of the prior art whereby it has been impossible to achieve bothlow exposure dose and high pattern precision.

The mechanism responsible for the exhibited effect of the invention,which has not been achieved in the prior art, is not yet fullyunderstood. However, the present inventors conjecture that the reducedexposure dose required for curing according to the invention is realizedbecause, for instance, there is no need to use an acid diffusioncontroller to inhibit diffusion of generated acid, and an aproticsolvent is used as the solvent to accelerate curing.

When a curing acceleration catalyst is further included as an additive,the effect described above is exhibited more prominently. This isattributed to the fact that the radiation curable composition can bemore thoroughly cured at a lower exposure dose.

The improvement in pattern precision is assumed to result because thecuring reaction of the radiation curable composition occurs beforediffusion of the acid when an aprotic solvent is used as the curingacceleration solvent. Addition of a curing acceleration catalyst as anadditive also further improves the pattern precision. This is attributedto the fact that the curing reaction occurs at a more rapid timing. Thismechanism differs from the mechanism of the prior art, whereby the aciddiffusion controller inactivates (neutralizes) the generated acid toimprove the pattern precision. According to the invention, it isconjectured that both pattern precision improvement and exposure dosereduction can be achieved based on the aforementioned mechanism which isdifferent from that of the prior art.

The radiation curable composition, method for its storage, formingmethod of a cured film and patterning method of the invention canproduce cured films with excellent pattern precision at relatively lowexposure doses. The present invention is therefore useful for uses of apattern, electronic components and optical waveguides.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic edge-on view of a preferred embodiment of anelectronic component according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph showing a pattern shape according to anexample of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an SEM photograph showing a pattern shape according to anexample of the invention.

FIG. 4 is an SEM photograph showing a pattern shape according to acomparative example of the invention.

FIG. 5 is an SEM photograph showing a pattern shape according to acomparative example of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be explained in detail.

<Component (a)>

Component (a) is a siloxane resin, which may be a publicly known one andpreferably has OH groups on the ends or the side chains of the resin.This will further promote the hydrolytic condensation reaction forcuring of the radiation curable composition.

From the standpoint of solubility in the solvent, mechanical propertiesand moldability, the siloxane resin preferably has a weight-averagemolecular weight (Mw) of 500 to 1 million, more preferably 500-500,000,even more preferably 500-100,000, particularly 500-10,000 and mostpreferably 500-5000. If the weight-average molecular weight is less than500, the moldability of the cured film will tend to be inferior, whileif the weight-average molecular weight is greater than 1 million, thecompatibility with solvents will tend to be reduced. Throughout thepresent specification, the weight-average molecular weight is the valuemeasured by gel permeation chromatography (hereinafter, “GPC”) andcalculated using a standard polystyrene calibration curve.

The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) may be measured by GPC underthe following conditions, for example.

Sample: 10 μL radiation curable composition

Standard polystyrene: Standard polystyrene by Toso Co., Ltd. (molecularweights: 190,000, 17,900, 9100, 2980, 578, 474, 370, 266)

Detector: RI monitor Model “L-3000” by Hitachi, Ltd.

Integrator: GPC integrator Model “D-2200” by Hitachi, Ltd.

Pump: Model “L-6000” by Hitachi, Ltd.

Degas apparatus: Model “Shodex DEGAS” by Showa Denko Co., Ltd.

Column: Models “GL-R440”, “GL-R430” and “GL-R420” by Hitachi ChemicalIndustries, used serially in that order

Eluent: Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

Measuring temperature: 23° C.

Flow rate: 1.75 mL/min

Measuring time: 45 min

As examples of preferred siloxane resins there may be mentioned resinsobtainable by hydrolytic condensation of any compound represented by thefollowing general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1)as the essential component. In this formula, R¹ represents an H or Fatom, a group containing a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20organic group, X represents a hydrolyzable group and n represents aninteger of 0-2, and when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or differentand when n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different.

As examples for the hydrolyzable group X there may be mentioned alkoxy,halogens, acetoxy, isocyanate and hydroxyl. Among these, alkoxy ispreferred from the standpoint of liquid stability and coating propertiesof the composition itself.

As examples of compounds of general formula (1) wherein the hydrolyzablegroup X is an alkoxy group (alkoxysilanes) there may be mentionedtetraalkoxysilanes, trialkoxysilanes and dialkoxysilanes.

As examples of tetraalkoxysilanes there may be mentionedtetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetra-n-propoxysilane,tetra-iso-propoxysilane, tetra-n-butoxysilane, tetra-sec-butoxysilane,tetra-tert-butoxysilane and tetraphenoxysilane.

As examples of trialkoxysilanes there may be mentioned trimethoxysilane,triethoxysilane, tripropoxysilane, fluorotrimethoxysilane,fluorotriethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane,methyltri-n-propoxysilane, methyltri-iso-propoxysilane,methyltri-n-butoxysilane, methyltri-iso-butoxysilane,methyltri-tert-butoxysilane, methyltriphenoxysilane,ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, ethyltri-n-propoxysilane,ethyltri-iso-propoxysilane, ethyltri-n-butoxysilane,ethyltri-iso-butoxysilane, ethyltri-tert-butoxysilane,ethyltriphenoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane,n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-propyltri-n-propoxysilane,n-propyltri-iso-propoxysilane, n-propyltri-n-butoxysilane,n-propyltri-iso-butoxysilane, n-propyltri-tert-butoxysilane,n-propyltriphenoxysilane, iso-propyltrimethoxysilane,iso-propyltriethoxysilane, iso-propyltri-n-propoxysilane,iso-propyltri-iso-propoxysilane, iso-propyltri-n-butoxysilane,iso-propyltri-iso-butoxysilane, iso-propyltri-tert-butoxysilane,iso-propyltriphenoxysilane, n-butyltrimethoxysilane,n-butyltriethoxysilane, n-butyltri-n-propoxysilane,n-butyltri-iso-propoxysilane, n-butyltri-n-butoxysilane,n-butyltri-iso-butoxysilane, n-butyltri-tert-butoxysilane,n-butyltriphenoxysilane, sec-butyltrimethoxysilane,sec-butyltriethoxysilane, sec-butyltri-n-propoxysilane,sec-butyltri-iso-propoxysilane, sec-butyltri-n-butoxysilane,sec-butyltri-iso-butoxysilane, sec-butyltri-tert-butoxysilane,sec-butyltriphenoxysilane, t-butyltrimethoxysilane,t-butyltriethoxysilane, t-butyltri-n-propoxysilane,t-butyltri-iso-propoxysilane, t-butyltri-n-butoxysilane,t-butyltri-iso-butoxysilane, t-butyltri-tert-butoxysilane,t-butyltriphenoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane,phenyltri-n-propoxysilane, phenyltri-iso-propoxysilane,phenyltri-n-butoxysilane, phenyltri-iso-butoxysilane,phenyltri-tert-butoxysilane, phenyltriphenoxysilane,trifluoromethyltrimethoxysilane, pentafluoroethyltrimethoxysilane,3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane and3,3,3-trifluoropropyltriethoxysilane.

As examples of dialkoxysilanes there may be mentioneddimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane,dimethyldi-n-propoxysilane, dimethyldi-iso-propoxysilane,dimethyldi-n-butoxysilane, dimethyldi-sec-butoxysilane,dimethyldi-tert-butoxysilane, dimethyldiphenoxysilane,diethyldimethoxysilane, diethyldiethoxysilane,diethyldi-n-propoxysilane, diethyldi-iso-propoxysilane,diethyldi-n-butoxysilane, diethyldi-sec-butoxysilane,diethyldi-tert-butoxysilane, diethyldiphenoxysilane,di-n-propyldimethoxysilane, di-n-propyldiethoxysilane,di-n-propyldi-n-propoxysilane, di-n-propyldi-iso-propoxysilane,di-n-propyldi-n-butoxysilane, di-n-propyldi-sec-butoxysilane,di-n-propyldi-tert-butoxysilane, di-n-propyldiphenoxysilane,di-iso-propyldimethoxysilane, di-iso-propyldiethoxysilane,di-iso-propyldi-n-propoxysilane, di-iso-propyldi-iso-propoxysilane,di-iso-propyldi-n-butoxysilane, di-iso-propyldi-sec-butoxysilane,di-iso-propyldi-tert-butoxysilane, di-iso-propyldiphenoxysilane,di-n-butyldimethoxysilane, di-n-butyldiethoxysilane,di-n-butyldi-n-propoxysilane, di-n-butyldi-iso-propoxysilane, di-n-butyldi- n-butoxysilane, di-n-butyldi-sec-butoxysilane,di-n-butyldi-tert-butoxysilane, di-n-butyldiphenoxysilane,di-sec-butyldimethoxysilane, di-sec-butyldiethoxysilane,di-sec-butyldi-n-propoxysilane, di-sec-butyldi-iso-propoxysilane,di-sec-butyldi-n-butoxysilane, di-sec-butyldi-sec-butoxysilane,di-sec-butyldi-tert-butoxysilane, di-sec-butyldiphenoxysilane,di-tert-butyldimethoxysilane, di-tert-butyldiethoxysilane,di-tert-butyldi-n-propoxysilane, di-tert-butyldi-iso-propoxysilane,di-tert-butyldi-n-butoxysilane, di-tert-butyldi-sec-butoxysilane,di-tert-butyldi-tert-butoxysilane, di-tert-butyldiphenoxysilane,diphenyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane,diphenyldi-n-propoxysilane, diphenyldi-iso-propoxysilane,diphenyldi-n-butoxysilane, diphenyldi-sec-butoxysilane,diphenyldi-tert-butoxysilane, diphenyldiphenoxysilane,bis(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dimethoxysilane andmethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dimethoxysilane.

As examples of other compounds which are compounds of general formula(1) wherein R¹ is a C1-20 organic group there may be mentionedbissilylalkanes and bissilylbenzenes such asbis(trimethoxysilyl)methane, bis(triethoxysilyl)methane,bis(tri-n-propoxysilyl)methane, bis(tri-iso-propoxysilyl)methane,bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane, bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane,bis(tri-n-propoxysilyl)ethane, bis(tri-iso-propoxysilyl)ethane,bis(trimethoxysilyl)propane, bis(triethoxysilyl)propane,bis(tri-n-propoxysilyl)propane, bis(tri-iso-propoxysilyl)propane,bis(trimethoxysilyl)benzene, bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene,bis(tri-n-propoxysilyl)benzene and bis(tri-iso-propoxysilyl)benzene.

As examples of compounds of general formula (1) wherein R¹ is a groupcontaining an Si atom there may be mentioned hexaalkoxydisilanes such ashexamethoxydisilane, hexaethoxydisilane, hexa-n-propoxydisilane andhexa-iso-propoxydisilane, and dialkyltetraalkoxydisilanes such as1,2-dimethyltetramethoxydisilane, 1,2-dimethyltetraethoxydisilane and1,2-dimethyltetrapropoxydisilane.

As examples of compounds of general formula (1) wherein the hydrolyzablegroup X is a halogen atom (halogen group) (halogenated silanes) theremay be mentioned these alkoxysilanes having the alkoxy groups in themolecules replaced with halogen atoms. As examples of compounds ofgeneral formula (1) wherein the hydrolyzable group X is an acetoxy group(acetoxysilanes) there may be mentioned these alkoxysilanes having thealkoxy groups in the molecules replaced with acetoxy. As examples ofcompounds of general formula (1) wherein the hydrolyzable group X is anisocyanate group (isocyanatosilanes) there may be mentioned thesealkoxysilanes having the alkoxy groups in the molecules replaced withisocyanate. As examples of compounds of general formula (1) wherein thehydrolyzable group X is a hydroxyl group (hydroxysilanes) there may bementioned these alkoxysilanes having the alkoxy groups in the moleculesreplaced with hydroxyl.

The compounds represented by general formula (1) may be used alone or incombinations of two or more.

There may also be used resins obtainable by hydrolytic condensation ofpartial condensates such as oligomers of compounds represented bygeneral formula (1), resins obtainable by hydrolytic condensation ofpartial condensates such as oligomers of compounds represented bygeneral formula (1) with compounds represented by general formula (1),resins obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of compounds represented bygeneral formula (1) with other compounds, and resins obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of partial condensates such as oligomers ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) with compounds representedby general formula (1) and other compounds.

As examples of partial condensates such as oligomers of compoundsrepresented by general formula (1) there may be mentionedhexaalkoxydisiloxanes such as hexamethoxydisiloxane,hexaethoxydisiloxane, hexa-n-propoxydisiloxane andhexa-iso-propoxydisiloxane, as well as partially condensed trisiloxane,tetrasiloxane and oligosiloxanes.

As examples of the “other compounds” there may be mentioned compoundshaving polymerizable double or triple bonds. As examples of compoundshaving polymerizable double bonds there may be mentioned ethylene,propylene, isobutene, butadiene, isoprene, vinyl chloride, vinylacetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl caproate, vinyl stearate, methyl vinylether, ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, acrylonitrile, styrene,methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propylmethacrylate, iso-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, acrylicacid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, vinylpyridine,vinylimidazole, acrylamide, acrylbenzene, diallyl benzene, and partiallycondensed forms of these compounds. As compounds with triple bonds theremay be mentioned acetylene, ethynylbenzene and the like.

The resins obtained in this manner may be used alone or in combinationsof two or more.

The amount of water used for hydrolytic condensation of the compoundrepresented by general formula (1) is preferably 0.1-1000 moles and morepreferably 0.5-100 moles to 1 mole of the compound represented bygeneral formula (1). If the amount of water is less than 0.1 mole, thehydrolytic condensation reaction will tend to proceed inadequately,while if the amount of water is greater than 1000 moles, gel-like matterwill tend to be produced during the hydrolysis or condensation.

A catalyst is preferably used for the hydrolytic condensation of thecompound represented by general formula (1). As examples of suitablecatalysts there may be mentioned acid catalysts, alkali catalysts, metalchelate compounds and the like.

As examples of acid catalysts there may be mentioned organic acids andinorganic acids. As examples of organic acids there may be mentionedformic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, malonic acid,succinic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, citric acid,acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoicacid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid,oxalic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, butyric acid, oleic acid,stearic acid, linolic acid, linoleic acid, salicylic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonicacid and trifluoroethanesulfonic acid. As examples of inorganic acidsthere may be mentioned hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid,boric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid. These may be used aloneor in combinations of two or more.

As examples of alkali catalysts there may be mentioned inorganic alkalisand organic alkalis. As examples of inorganic alkalis there may bementioned sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide andcesium hydroxide. As examples of organic alkalis there may be mentionedpyridine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine,dimethylmonoethanolamine, monomethyldiethanolamine, ammonia,tetramethylammoniumhydrooxide, tetraethylammoniumhydrooxide,tetrapropylammoniumhydrooxide, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine,butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine,nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, cyclopentylamine,cyclohexylamine, N,N-dimethylamine, N,N-diethylamine, N,N-dipropylamine,N,N-dibutylamine, N,N-dipentylamine, N,N-dihexylamine,N,N-dicyclopentylamine, N,N-dicyclohexylamine, trimethylamine,triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, tripentylamine,trihexylamine, tricyclopentylamine and tricyclohexylamine. These may beused alone or in combinations of two or more.

As examples of metal chelate compounds there may be mentioned metalchelate compounds containing titanium, such as trimethoxymono(acetylacetonate)titanium, triethoxy mono(acetylacetonate)titanium,tri-n-propoxy mono(acetylacetonate)titanium, tri-iso-propoxy mono(acetylacetonate) titanium, tri-n-butoxy mono(acetylacetonate)titanium,tri-sec-butoxy mono (acetylacetonate) titanium, tri-tert-butoxymono(acetylacetonate)titanium, dimethoxy di(acetylacetonate)titanium,diethoxy di(acetylacetonate)titanium, di-n-propoxydi(acetylacetonate)titanium, di-iso-propoxy di(acetylacetonate)titanium,di-n-butoxy di(acetylacetonate)titanium, di-sec-butoxydi(acetylacetonate)titanium, di-tert-butoxy di(acetylacetonate)titanium,monomethoxy tris(acetylacetonate)titanium, monoethoxytris(acetylacetonate)titanium, mono-n-propoxytris(acetylacetonate)titanium, mono-iso-propoxytris(acetylacetonate)titanium, mono-n-butoxytris(acetylacetonate)titanium, mono-sec-butoxytris(acetylacetonate)titanium, mono-tert-butoxytris(acetylacetonate)titanium, tetrakis(acetylacetonate)titanium,trimethoxy mono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, triethoxymono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, tri-n-propoxymono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, tri-iso-propoxymono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, tri-n-butoxymono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, tri-sec-butoxymono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, tri-tert-butoxymono(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, dimethoxydi(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, diethoxy di(ethylacetoacetate)titanium,di-n-propoxy di(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, di-iso-propoxydi(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, di-n-butoxydi(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, di-sec-butoxydi(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, di-tert-butoxydi(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, monomethoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, monoethoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, mono-n-propoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, mono-iso-propoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, mono-n-butoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, mono-sec-butoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium, mono-tert-butoxytris(ethylacetoacetate)titanium and tetrakis(ethylacetoacetate)titanium,as well as the aforementioned titanium-containing metal chelatecompounds wherein the titanium is replaced with zirconium, aluminum orthe like. These may also be used alone or in combinations of two ormore.

The hydrolysis of the compound represented by general formula (1) ispreferably carried out using such catalysts mentioned above, but in somecases the stability of the composition may be impaired or inclusion ofthe catalyst may have adverse effects such as corrosion of othermaterials. In such cases, the hydrolysis may be followed by, forexample, removal of the catalyst from the composition or reaction withother compounds to inactivate the function of the catalyst. There are noparticular restrictions on the method of removal or the method ofreaction, and removal may be accomplished by distillation or by ionchromatography. The hydrolysate obtained from the compound representedby general formula (1) may also be removed from the composition byreprecipitation or the like. As an example of a method for inactivatingthe function of the catalyst by reaction, if the catalyst is an alkalicatalyst, there may be mentioned a method of adding an acid catalyst forneutralization by acid-base reaction, or for adjustment of the pH towardthe acidic end.

The amount of catalyst used is preferably in the range of 0.0001-1 moleto 1 mole of the compound represented by general formula (1). Thereaction may not proceed substantially if the amount used is less than0.0001 mole, while gelling may be promoted during the hydrolyticcondensation if the amount is greater than 1 mole.

The alcohol by-product of hydrolysis is a protic solvent and istherefore preferably removed using an evaporator or the like.

The resin obtained in this manner, from the standpoint of solubility inthe solvent, mechanical properties and moldability, preferably has aweight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 500 to 1 million, morepreferably 500-500,000, even more preferably 500-100,000, particularly500-10,000 and most preferably 500-5000. If the weight-average molecularweight is less than 500, the moldability of the cured film will tend tobe inferior, while if the weight-average molecular weight is greaterthan 1 million, the compatibility with solvents will tend to be reduced.

When adhesion to ground layers and mechanical strength are required, thetotal proportion of the one or more atoms selected from the groupconsisting of H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms with respect tothe Si atoms in general formula (1) (hereunder, this will be referred toas the total number (M) of specific bonding atoms (R¹ in general formula(1)) is preferably 1.3-0.2 mole, more preferably 1.0-0.2 mole, even morepreferably 0.90-0.2 mole and most preferably 0.8-0.2 mole. This willprevent reduction in adhesion to other films (layers) and mechanicalstrength of the cured film.

If the total number (M) of specific bonding atoms is less than 0.20, thedielectric properties of the cured film as an insulating film will tendto be inferior, while if it is greater than 1.3, the finally obtainedcured film will tend to have poorer adhesion to other films (layers) andmechanical strength. Among these specific bonding atoms, the cured filmpreferably contains one or more atoms selected from the group consistingof H, F, N, Si, Ti and C from the standpoint of moldability, and itpreferably contains one or more selected from the group consisting of H,F, N, Si and C from the standpoint of dielectric properties andmechanical strength.

The total number (M) of specific bonding atoms may be determined fromthe charging volume of the siloxane resin, and for example, it may becalculated using the relationship represented by the following formula(A):M=(M1+(M2/2)+(M3/3))/Msi  (A)In this formula, M1 represents the total number of atoms bonded with(only) one Si atom among the specific bonding atoms, M2 represents thetotal number of atoms bonded to two silicon atoms among the specificbonding atoms, M3 represents the total number of atoms bonded to threesilicon atoms among the specific bonding atoms, and Msi represents thetotal number of Si atoms.

Such siloxane resins may be used alone or in combinations of two ormore. As methods for combining two or more siloxane resins there may bementioned, for example, a method of combining two or more differentsiloxane resins having different weight-average molecular weights, and amethod of combining two or more different siloxane resins obtainable byhydrolytic condensation with different compounds as essentialcomponents.

<Component (b)>

Component (b) is a photoacid generator or photobase generator, and it isdefined as a compound capable of releasing an acidic activator or basicactivator which can promote photocuring (hydrolytic polycondensation) ofcomponent (a) by exposure to radiation.

As examples of photoacid generators there may be mentioneddiarylsulfonium salts, triarylsulfonium salts, dialkylphenacylsulfoniumsalts, diaryliodonium salts, aryldiazonium salts, aromatictetracarboxylic acid esters, aromatic sulfonic acid esters, nitrobenzylesters oximesulfonic acid esters, aromatic N-oximidesulfonates, aromaticsulfamides, haloalkyl group-containing hydrocarbon-based compounds,haloalkyl group-containing heterocyclic compounds andnaphthoquinonediazido-4-sulfonic acid esters. These may be used alone orin combinations of two or more. They may also be used in combinationwith other sensitizing agents or the like.

As examples of photobase generators there may be mentioned the group ofcompounds represented by general formulas (2) to (5) below, nonionicphotobase generators such as nifedipines, cobaltamine complexes, ionicphotobase generators such as the quaternary ammonium salts representedby general formulas (6) and (7) below, and the like. These may be usedalone or in combinations of two or more. They may also be used incombination with other sensitizing agents or the like.(R²—OCO—NH)_(m)—R³  (2)In this formula, R² represents a C1-30 monovalent organic group whichmay include an aromatic ring with a methoxy group or nitro group on aside chain, R³ represents a C1-20 monovalent to tetravalent organicgroup, and m represents an integer of 1-4.(R⁴R⁵C═N—OCO)_(m)—R³  (3)In this formula, R³ and m have the same definitions as for generalformula (2), and R⁴ and R⁵ each independently represent C1-30 monovalentorganic groups, which may together form a cyclic structure.R—OCO—NR⁶R⁷  (4)In this formula, R² has the same definition as for general formula (2),and R⁶ and R⁷ each independently represent C1-30 monovalent organicgroups, which may together form a cyclic structure, and one of which maybe a hydrogen atom.R⁸—CO—R⁹—NR⁶R⁷  (5)In this formula, R⁶ and R⁷ have the same definitions as for generalformula (4), R⁸ represents a C1-30 monovalent organic group which mayinclude an aromatic ring with an alkoxy, nitro, amino, alkyl-substitutedamino or alkylthio group on a side chain, and R⁹ represents a C1-30divalent organic group.

In this formula, R¹⁰ represents a C1-30 monovalent organic group, R¹¹and R¹² each independently represent a C1-30 organic group or hydrogenatom, X¹ represents a monovalent group represented by any one of generalformulas (6A), (6B), (6C), (6D), (6E) and (6F) below (hereinafterreferred to as “(6A) to (6F)”), Z⁻ represents the counter ion of theammonium salt, t represents an integer of 1-3, p and q representintegers of 0-2 and t+p+q=3.

In these formulas, R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ each independently represent aC1-30 monovalent organic group, R¹⁷, R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ each independentlyrepresent a C1-30 divalent organic group or a single bond, and R²⁰ andR²¹ each independently represent a C1-30 trivalent organic group.

In this formula, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², Z⁻, t, p and q are the same as ingeneral formula (6) above, and X² represents a divalent grouprepresented by any one of general formulas (7A) to (7D) below.

In these formulas, R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ havethe same definitions as in general formulas (6A) to (6F) above.

The amount of component (b) used is not particularly restricted, and maybe selected from a wide range since it will depend on the sensitivityand efficiency of the photoacid generator or photobase generator used,the light source used, the thickness of the desired cured film, etc.Specifically, the amount of component (b) used is preferably 0.0001-50wt %, more preferably 0.001-20 wt % and even more preferably 0.01-10 wt% with respect to the total amount of component (a) in the radiationcurable composition. If the amount used is less than 0.0001 wt %, thephotocuring property will tend to be reduced or a greater exposure dosewill tend to be necessary for curing, while if it exceeds 50 wt %, thestability and film-forming property of the composition will tend to beinferior, and the electrical properties and process adaptability of thecured film will tend to be reduced.

A photosensitizing agent may be used together with the aforementionedphotoacid generator or photobase generator. Using a photosensitizingagent will allow efficient absorption of the radiation energy beam,thereby improving the sensitivity of the photoacid generator orphotobase generator. As examples of photosensitizing agents there may bementioned anthracene derivatives, perylene derivatives, anthraquinonederivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, coumarin and the like.

When the radiation curable composition is separated into two solutionsfor storage, component (b) and component (a) may be stored separatelyfor increased storage stability.

When the radiation curable composition is to be stored overnight, it ispreferably stored at a temperature of, for example, 0° C. or below. Thelower limit for the temperature is preferably above the congealing pointof the solvent in the radiation curable composition, and more preferably−50° C.

<Component (c)>

Protic solvents, typically alcohols, have a hydrogen atom bonded to anoxygen atom exhibiting high electronegativity. Consequently, the proticsolvent molecules solvate by forming hydrogen bonds with nucleophilicreagents and the like. Specifically, since protic solvents solvate withsiloxane resins obtained by hydrolysis of compounds represented bygeneral formula (1), the solvent molecules must be removed in order tocondense the siloxane resin, as they tend to inhibit curing at lowtemperature.

Aprotic solvents, on the other hand, are solvents without hydrogen atomson highly electronegative elements, and are therefore less a cause ofreaction inhibition than are protic solvents. Consequently, curingreaction proceeds with generation of acidic active substances and basicactive substances at the exposed sections, thereby minimizing anyreduction in pattern precision due to diffusion of the acid or base, sothat the pattern precision is improved. This is a different mechanismfrom that of the prior art whereby the acid diffusion controllerinactivates (neutralizes) the generated acid to improve the patternprecision. According to the invention, both pattern precisionimprovement and exposure dose reduction are presumably achieved in thismanner.

As examples of aprotic solvents in component (c) there may be mentionedketone-based solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone,methyl-n-propyl ketone, methyl-iso-propyl ketone, methyl-n-butyl ketone,methyl-iso-butyl ketone, methyl-n-pentyl ketone, methyl-n-hexylketone,diethylketone, dipropyl ketone, di-iso-butyl ketone, trimethyl nonanone,cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, methylcyclohexanone, 2,4-pentanedione,acetonylacetone, γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone; ether-basedsolvents such as diethyl ether, methylethyl ether, methyl-n-propylether, di-n-propyl ether, di-iso-propyl ether, tetrahydrofuran,methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethyldioxane, ethyleneglycol dimethylether, ethyleneglycol diethyl ether, ethyleneglycol di-n-propyl ether,ethyleneglycol dibutyl ether, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether,diethyleneglycol diethyl ether, diethyleneglycol methylethyl ether,diethyleneglycol methylmono-n-propyl ether, diethyleneglycolmethylmono-n-butyl ether, diethyleneglycol di-n-propyl ether,diethyleneglycoldi-n-butyl ether, diethyleneglycol methylmono-n-hexylether, triethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, triethyleneglycol diethylether, triethyleneglycol methylethyl ether, triethyleneglycolmethylmono-n-butyl ether, triethyleneglycol di-n-butyl ether,triethyleneglycol methylmono-n-hexyl ether, tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether, tetraethyleneglycol diethyl ether, tetradiethyleneglycolmethylethyl ether, tetraethyleneglycol methylmono-n-butyl ether,tetraethyleneglycol methylmono-n-hexyl ether, tetraethyleneglycoldi-n-butyl ether, propyleneglycol dimethyl ether, propyleneglycoldiethyl ether, propyleneglycol di-n-propyl ether, propyleneglycoldibutyl ether, dipropyleneglycol dimethyl ether, dipropyleneglycoldiethyl ether, dipropyleneglycol methylethyl ether, dipropyleneglycolmethylmono-n-butyl ether, dipropyleneglycol di-n-propyl ether,dipropyleneglycol di-n-butyl ether, dipropyleneglycol methylmono-n-hexylether, tripropyleneglycol dimethyl ether, tripropyleneglycol diethylether, tripropyleneglycol methylethyl ether, tripropyleneglycolmethylmono-n-butyl ether, tripropyleneglycol di-n-butyl ether,tripropyleneglycol methylmono-n-hexyl ether, tetrapropyleneglycoldimethyl ether, tetrapropyleneglycol diethyl ether, tetrapropyleneglycolmethylethyl ether, tetrapropyleneglycol methylmono-n-butyl ether,tetrapropyleneglycol methylmono-n-hexyl ether and tetrapropyleneglycoldi-n-butyl ether; ester-based solvents such as methyl acetate, ethylacetate, n-propyl acetate, i-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, i-butylacetate, sec-butyl acetate, n-pentyl acetate, sec-pentyl acetate,3-methoxybutyl acetate, methylpentyl acetate, 2-ethylbutyl acetate,2-ethylhexyl acetate, benzyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate,methylcyclohexyl acetate, nonyl acetate, methyl acetoacetate, ethylacetoacetate, acetic acid diethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, acetic aciddiethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, acetic acid diethyleneglycolmono-n-butyl ether, acetic acid dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether,acetic acid dipropyleneglycol monoethyl ether, diacetic acid glycol,acetic acid methoxy triglycol, ethyl propionate, n-butyl propionate,i-amyl propionate, diethyl oxalate and di-n-butyl oxalate; etheracetate-based solvents such as ethyleneglycol methyl ether propionate,ethyleneglycol ethyl ether propionate, ethyleneglycol methyl etheracetate, ethyleneglycol ethyl ether acetate, diethyleneglycol methylether acetate, diethyleneglycol ethyl ether acetate,diethyleneglycol-n-butyl ether acetate, propyleneglycol methyl etheracetate, propyleneglycol ethyl ether acetate, propyleneglycol propylether acetate, dipropyleneglycol methyl ether acetate anddipropyleneglycol ethyl ether acetate; and acetonitrile,N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-ethylpyrrolidinone, N-propylpyrrolidinone,N-butylpyrrolidinone, N-hexylpyrrolidinone, N-cyclohexylpyrrolidinone,N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylsulfoxide andthe like. From the standpoint of sensitivity and pattern precisionduring pattern formation and mechanical strength of the cured film,ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, ether acetate-based solventsand ketone-based solvents are preferred. Solvents containing no nitrogenare also preferred. Among these, it is the opinion of the presentinventors that ether acetate-based solvents are the most preferable,ether-based solvents are the second most preferable, and ketone-basedsolvents are the third most preferable. They may be used alone or incombinations of two or more.

When the stability of the radiation curable composition is considered,component (c) is preferably soluble in water or has the solubility ofwater, and more preferably it is soluble in water and has the solubilityof water. Thus, a protic solvent is preferably added when the aproticsolvent is not soluble in water or does not have the solubility ofwater. When the aprotic solvent is not soluble in water or does not havethe solubility of water, and contains no protic solvent, thecompatibility with the solvent of component (a) will be reduced, tendingto lower the stability. However, if sensitivity is desired even at theexpense of some degree of stability, a smaller amount of protic solventis preferred.

As examples of such protic solvents there may be mentioned alcohol-basedsolvents such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol,i-butanol, sec-butanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol, i-pentanol,2-methylbutanol, sec-pentanol, t-pentanol, 3-methoxybutanol, n-hexanol,2-methylpentanol, sec-hexanol, 2-ethylbutanol, sec-heptanol, n-octanol,2-ethylhexanol, sec-octanol, n-nonyl alcohol, n-decanol, sec-undecylalcohol, trimethylnonyl alcohol, sec-tetradecyl alcohol, sec-heptadecylalcohol, phenol, cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol,ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tripropylene glycol;ether-based solvents such as ethyleneglycol methyl ether, ethyleneglycolethyl ether, ethyleneglycol monophenyl ether, diethyleneglycolmonomethyl ether, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, diethyleneglycolmono-n-butyl ether, diethyleneglycol mono-n-hexyl ether,ethoxytriglycol, tetraethyleneglycol mono-n-butyl ether, propyleneglycolmonomethyl ether, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether, dipropyleneglycolmonoethyl ether and tripropyleneglycol monomethyl ether; and ester-basedsolvents such as methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, n-butyl lactate andn-amyl lactate. These may be used alone or in combinations of two ormore.

The proportion of the aprotic solvent used is preferably at least 50 wt%, more preferably at least 70 wt %, even more preferably at least 90 wt% and most preferably at least 95 wt % of the total solvent. If theproportion is too low, the exposed sections will tend to be inadequatelycured with a low exposure dose. A low proportion may also require heattreatment at high temperature for adequate curing, while diffusion ofthe generated acid or base will be more likely and the pattern precisionwill tend to be reduced.

The method of using component (c) is not particularly restricted, andfor example, it may be a method of using it as a solvent for preparationof component (a), an addition method or a solvent-exchange method afterpreparation of component (a), or a method of adding the solvent (c)after removing component (a) by solvent distillation or the like.

The radiation curable composition of the invention may also containwater if necessary, but preferably in a range which does not impair thedesired characteristics. The amount of water used is preferably nogreater than 10 wt %, more preferably no greater than 5 wt % and evenmore preferably no greater than 2 wt % with respect to the total amountof the radiation curable composition. If the amount of water usedexceeds 10 wt %, the coatability and coating solution stability willtend to be inferior. Although the exact reason is unknown, addition of asmall amount of water can sometimes permit reduction of the exposuredose.

The amount of solvent used (the total of the aprotic solvent and proticsolvent) is preferably an amount which gives a concentration of 3-60 wt% for component (a) (siloxane resin). If the amount of solvent isexcessive so that the concentration of component (a) is less than 3 wt%, it will tend to be difficult to form a cured film with the desiredfilm thickness, while if the amount of solvent is insufficient so thatthe concentration of component (a) is greater than 60 wt %, thefilm-forming property of the cured film will be poor and the stabilityof the composition itself will tend to be reduced.

<Component (d)>

Component (d) according to the invention is a curing accelerationcatalyst, and its addition to the radiation curable composition ispreferred because it can enhance the effect of reducing the amount ofthe photoacid generator or photobase generator required, the effect ofreducing the exposure dose required and the effect of lowering the PEBtemperature. The curing acceleration catalyst differs from an ordinaryphotoacid generator or photobase generator for component (b) whichgenerates an active substance by light. It will therefore usually bedistinguished from an onium salt used as the photoacid generator orphotobase generator. Nevertheless, a material which comprises both thephotoacid generator or photobase generator and the curing accelerationcatalyst may be used.

The catalyst may be a specific one which does not exhibit a catalyticeffect in solution but exhibits its activity in the coating afterapplication. Presumably, since the curing reaction accelerated by thecuring acceleration catalyst proceeds simultaneously with generation ofan acidic active substance or basic active substance at the exposedsections, the reduction in the pattern precision due to diffusion of theacid or base is further inhibited, or in other words, the patternprecision is further improved.

A process for determining the curing acceleration catalyst power of thecuring acceleration catalyst will now be explained in four steps.

1. A composition comprising component (a) and component (c) is prepared.

2. The composition prepared in 1. above is applied onto a silicon waferso that the post-baking film thickness is 1.0±0.1 μm, and then baked for30 seconds at a prescribed temperature, and the film thickness of thecoating is measured.

3. The coating-formed silicon wafer is immersed for 30 seconds into a2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous solution at 23±2°C., washed and dried, and then the coating film loss is observed. Theinsolubility temperature is defined as the minimum temperature duringbaking at which the change in the coating film thickness before andafter immersion in the TMAH aqueous solution is less than 20%.

4. The compound whose curing acceleration catalyst power is to beconfirmed is added to the composition prepared in 1. above at 0.01 wt %to obtain a composition, and the insolubility temperature is determinedin the same manner as 2. and 3. above. If the insolubility temperatureis lowered by addition of the compound whose curing accelerationcatalyst power is to be confirmed, the compound is judged as havingcuring acceleration catalyst power.

As examples of the curing acceleration catalyst of component (d) theremay be mentioned alkali metals such as sodium hydroxide, sodiumchloride, potassium hydroxide and potassium chloride, and onium salts.These may be used alone or in combinations of two or more.

Onium salts are preferred among these, with quaternary ammonium saltsbeing more preferred, from the standpoint of improving the electricalproperties and mechanical strength of the obtained cured film while alsoincreasing the stability of the composition.

One example of an onium salt compound which may be mentioned is a saltformed from (d-1) a nitrogen-containing compound and (d-2) at least oneselected from among anionic group-containing compounds and halogenatoms. The atom bonded to the nitrogen of the (d-1) nitrogen-containingcompound is preferably at least one selected from the group consistingof H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms. As examples of anionicgroups there may be mentioned hydroxyl, nitrate, sulfate, carbonyl,carboxyl, carbonate and phenoxy.

As examples of onium salt compounds there may be mentioned ammonium saltcompounds such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium fluoride, ammoniumchloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, ammonium phosphate,ammonium nitrate, ammonium borate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium formate,ammonium maleate, ammonium fumarate, ammonium phthalate, ammoniummalonate, ammonium succinate, ammonium tartrate, ammonium malate,ammonium lactate, ammonium citrate, ammonium acetate, ammoniumpropionate, ammonium butanoate, ammonium pentanoate, ammonium hexanoate,ammonium heptanoate, ammonium octanoate, ammonium nonanoate, ammoniumdecanoate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium adipate, ammonium sebacate,ammonium butyrate, ammonium oleate, ammonium stearate, ammoniumlinolate, ammonium linoleate, ammonium salicylate, ammoniumbenzenesulfonate, ammonium benzoate, ammonium p-aminobenzoate, ammoniump-toluenesulfonate, ammonium methanesulfonate, ammoniumtrifluoromethanesulfonate and ammonium trifluoroethanesulfonate.

There may also be mentioned the aforementioned ammonium salt compoundswherein the ammonium portion of the ammonium salt compounds are replacedwith methyl ammonium, dimethyl ammonium, trimethyl ammonium, tetramethylammonium, ethyl ammonium, diethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium,tetraethyl ammonium, propyl ammonium, dipropyl ammonium, tripropylammonium, tetrapropyl ammonium, butyl ammonium, dibutyl ammonium,tributyl ammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium, ethanol ammonium, diethanolammonium or triethanol ammonium.

Among these onium salt compounds there are preferred tetramethylammoniumnitrate, tetramethylammonium acetate, tetramethylammonium propionate,tetramethylammonium maleate and tetramethylammonium sulfate, from thestandpoint of curing acceleration for the cured film.

These may be used alone or in combinations of two or more.

The amount of component (d) used is preferably 0.0001-5 wt % and morepreferably 0.0001-1 wt %, with respect to the total amount of component(a) in the radiation curable composition. If the amount used is lessthan 0.0001 wt %, a greater exposure dose will tend to be necessary forcuring. If the amount used is greater than 5 wt %, the stability andfilm-forming property of the composition will tend to be poor, while theelectrical properties and process adaptability of the cured film willtend to be reduced.

From the viewpoint of sensitivity and stability, the amount of thecuring acceleration catalyst of component (d) used is preferably0.0001-0.1 wt %, more preferably 0.0001-0.05 wt % and even morepreferably 0.0005-0.01 wt % with respect to the total amount ofcomponent (a) in the radiation curable composition.

These onium salts may also be added after dissolution or dilution to theprescribed concentration in water or another solvent, as necessary.There are no particular restrictions on the timing for the addition, andfor example, it may be carried out at the start of hydrolysis ofcomponent (a), during the hydrolysis, after completion of the reaction,before or after solvent distillation or at the point of adding the acidgenerator.

<Other Components>

A pigment may also be added to the radiation curable composition of theinvention. Addition of a pigment can produce a sensitivity-adjustingeffect or a stationary wave-inhibiting effect.

In addition, surfactants, silane coupling agents, thickeners, inorganicfillers, thermal decomposing compounds such as polypropylene glycol,volatile compounds and the like may be added in ranges which do notinterfere with the object or effect of the invention. Thermaldecomposing compounds and volatile compounds decompose or volatilize byheat (preferably 250-500° C.), and preferably are capable of forminggaps. The siloxane resin as component (a) may also exhibit a gap-formingproperty.

When the radiation curable composition of the invention is to be used inan electronic component, it preferably contains no alkali metal oralkaline earth metal, or maximally at a metal ion concentration of nogreater than 1000 ppm and more preferably no greater than 1 ppm in thecomposition. If the concentration of these metal ions is greater than1000 ppm, the metal ions will more readily enter into the electroniccomponent, e.g. semiconductor element comprising the cured film obtainedfrom the composition, potentially having an adverse effect on the deviceperformance. Thus, if necessary, it may be effective to remove thealkali metals or alkaline earth metals from the composition using anion-exchange filter, for example. However, no such restriction existsfor use as an optical waveguide or for other uses, so long as theintended purpose is not impeded.

A method of forming a patterned cured film on a substrate using aradiation curable composition of the invention will now be explainedthrough an example of a spin coating method, which generally hasexcellent film formability and film uniformity. However, the formingmethod of a cured film is not limited to a spin coating method. Also,the substrate may have a flat surface or it may be irregular, withelectrodes or the like formed therein.

First, the radiation curable composition is coated onto a substrate suchas a silicon wafer or glass substrate at preferably 500-5000 rpm andmore preferably 500-3000 rpm to form a coating. If the rotation rate isless than 500 rpm, the film uniformity will tend to be poor, and if therotation rate is greater than 5000 rpm, the film-forming property may beimpaired.

The film thickness of the cured film will differ depending on theintended use, and for example, the film thickness for use as aninterlayer insulating film in an LSI or the like is preferably 0.01-2μm, while the film thickness is preferably 2-40 μm for use as apassivation layer. The film thickness for liquid crystal uses ispreferably 0.1-20 μm, the film thickness for photoresist uses ispreferably 0.1-2 μm, and the film thickness for optical waveguide usesis preferably 1-50 μm. Generally speaking, the film thickness will bepreferably 0.01-10 μm, more preferably 0.01-5 μm, even more preferably0.01-3 μm, still more preferably 0.01-2 μm and most preferably 0.1-2 μm.The concentration of component (a) in the composition may be adjusted tocontrol the film thickness of the cured film. When a spin coating methodis used, the film thickness may be controlled by adjusting the rotationrate and number of applications. When the film thickness is controlledby adjusting the concentration of component (a), the concentration ofcomponent (a) may be increased for a greater film thickness or theconcentration of component (a) may be decreased for a smaller filmthickness. When the film thickness is controlled using a spin coatingmethod, the rotation rate may be decreased or the number of applicationsincreased for a greater film thickness, or alternatively the rotationrate may be increased or the number applications decreased for a smallerfilm thickness.

The solvent in the coating is then dried with a hot plate at preferably50-200° C. and more preferably 70-150° C., and the drying temperaturemust be adjusted so that the coating will dissolve under the conditionsused for subsequent development. If the drying temperature is below 50°C., drying of the solvent will tend to be inadequate, and if it is above200° C., the film may not dissolve during development and a pattern maynot be formed.

Next, the film is exposed to radiation via a mask having the desiredpattern. The exposure dose is preferably 5-5000 mJ/cm², more preferably5-1000 mJ/cm², even more preferably 5-500 mJ/cm² and most preferably5-100 mJ/cm². If the exposure dose is less than 5 mJ/cm² it may bedifficult to achieve control depending on the light source, and if it isgreater than 5000 mJ/cm² the exposure time will be longer, tending tolower productivity. The exposure dose for an ordinary siloxane-basedradiation curable composition of the prior art is about 500-5000 mJ/cm².

The radiation employed may be visible light, ultraviolet light, infraredlight, X-rays, α-rays, β-rays, γ-rays or the like, although ultravioletrays are particularly preferred. As examples of ultraviolet raygenerating sources there may be mentioned ultrahigh voltage mercurylamps, high voltage mercury lamps, low voltage mercury lamps, metalhalide lamps and excimer lamps.

The unexposed sections are adequately soluble in the developingsolution, but acidic active substances or basic active substances aregenerated at the exposed sections, producing hydrolytic condensationreaction and lowering the solubility in the developing solution. Thisresults in formation of a pattern.

If necessary, the exposure may be followed by a heating step(post-exposure baking: PEB). The heating may be accomplished by heatingthe coating on a hot plate or the like, and preferably the heating is ina temperature range at which the solubility of the unexposed sections inthe developing solution is not lowered. The temperature is preferably50-200° C., more preferably 70-150° C., even more preferably 70-110° C.and most preferably 70-100° C. A lower temperature is preferred becausea higher temperature will tend to facilitate diffusion of the generatedacid. The heating temperature is usually about 115-120° C. in the PEBstep for an ordinary siloxane-based radiation curable composition of theprior art.

A developing solution such as an aqueous alkali solution may be used fordevelopment, i.e. for removal of the unexposed sections of the radiationcurable composition. As examples of aqueous alkali solutions there maybe mentioned inorganic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, sodium metasilicate andammonia; primary amines such as ethylamine and n-propylamine; secondaryamines such as diethylamine and di-n-propylamine; tertiary amines suchas triethylamine and methyldiethylamine; alcohol amines such asdimethylethanolamine and triethanolamine; and quaternary ammonium saltssuch as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and tetraethylammoniumhydroxide. The aqueous alkali solution may be an aqueous solutioncontaining an appropriate amount of an added water-soluble organicsolvent or surfactant as appropriate. Since contamination by alkalimetals is undesirable for electronic components, an aqueoustetramethylammonium hydroxide solution is preferred as the developingsolution.

The preferred developing time will differ depending on the filmthickness and solvent, but in most cases it is preferably from 5 secondsto 5 minutes, more preferably from 30 seconds to 3 minutes and mostpreferably from 30 seconds to 1 minute. If the developing time isshorter than 5 seconds it may be difficult to control the time on thetotal surface of the wafer or substrate, while if it is longer than 5minutes the productivity may be lower. The treatment temperature fordevelopment will generally be 20-30° C. The developing method may be,for example, a spray, paddle, immersion or ultrasonic system. Thepattern formed by development may subsequently be rinsed with distilledwater or the like if necessary.

The patterned cured film of the invention may be also used directly as aresist mask.

In cases where the patterned cured film of the invention is in the formof a residual interlayer insulating film or clad layer, the coating maybe fired at a heating temperature of, for example, 100-500° C. for finalcuring. The final curing is preferably carried out in an inertatmosphere of N₂, Ar, He or the like, in air or under reduced pressure,but there are no particular restrictions so long as it yields theproperties required for the intended use. If the heating temperature isbelow 100° C. the curing may tend to be insufficient, leading to a poorelectrical insulation property, whereas heating at a temperature ofabove 500° C. may result in deterioration of the underlying materials.

The heating time for the final curing is preferably 2-240 minutes andmore preferably 2-120 minutes. A heating time of longer than 240 minutesmay not be suitable for mass production. As heating apparatuses to beused there may be mentioned furnaces such as quartz tube furnaces, andheat treatment apparatuses such as hot plates and rapid thermalannealers (RTA).

Examples of electronic components employing the cured film describedabove include devices comprising insulating films, such as semiconductorelements, multilayer wiring boards and the like. Specifically, the curedfilm may be used as a surface protective film (passivation film), buffercoat film or interlayer insulating film for a semiconductor element. Itmay also be suitably used as an interlayer insulating film for amultilayer wiring board.

As examples of semiconductor elements there may be mentioned discretesemiconductors such as diodes, transistors, compound semiconductors,thermistors, varistors and thyristors, memory elements such as DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory), SRAM (Static Random Access Memory),EPROM (Erasable/Programmable Read Only Memory), Mask ROM (Mask Read OnlyMemory), EEPROM (Electrical/Erasable/Programmable Read Only Memory) andflash memory, logic circuit elements such as microprocessors, DSP andASIC, integrated circuit elements such as compound semiconductorsincluding MMIC (Monolithic Microsave Integrated Circuit), hybridintegrated circuits (hybrid IC), and photoelectric conversion elementssuch as light emitting diodes and charge coupled devices. As examples ofmultilayer wiring boards there may be mentioned high-density wiringboards such as MCM.

The cured film may also be used for liquid crystal parts, opticalwaveguides and photoresists, with no particular limitation to these.

FIG. 1 is a schematic edge-on view of an embodiment of a TFT (Thin-FilmTransistor) according to the invention, as an electronic component forinstallation in a TFT liquid crystal display. In this TFT, a conductionlayer 3 made of polysilicon is formed on an undercoat film 2 formed on aglass substrate 1, and a source 4 and drain 5 are situated sandwichingthe conduction layer 3 in the in-plane direction. A gate electrode 7 isprovided on the conduction layer 3 via a gate oxidation film 6 composedof SiO₂. The gate oxidation film 6 is formed in such a manner as toprevent direct contact between the conduction layer 3 and the gateelectrode 7. The undercoat layer 2, conduction layer 3, source 4, drain5, gate oxidation film 6 and gate electrode 7 are covered with a firstinterlayer insulating film 8 to prevent shorting, and portions of thefirst interlayer insulating film 8 are removed during formation of theTFT, with metal wirings 9 extending from those portions to connect withthe source 4 and drain 5, respectively. The portion of the metal wiring9 extending to connect to the drain 5 is electrically connected to atransparent electrode 11, while the remaining portion is covered with asecond interlayer insulating film 10 to prevent shorting.

The cured film obtained from the radiation curable composition of theinvention is provided in the TFT primarily as the second interlayerinsulating film 10, but it may also be used as the first interlayerinsulating film 8. The interlayer insulating films 8,10 may be formed inthe following manner, for example. First, the radiation curablecomposition of the invention is applied onto a substrate by a spincoating method and dried to obtain a coating. Next, the coating isexposed through a mask having the desired pattern for curing of thedesired sections (in the case of the first interlayer insulating film 8,the sections other than the sections on which the metal wiring 9 is tobe formed, or in the case of the second interlayer insulating film 10,the sections other than the sections on which the transparent electrode11 is to be formed), and then further subjected to heat treatment ifnecessary. The unexposed sections are removed by developing treatment toobtain interlayer insulating films 8,10. This may be followed by heattreatment if necessary for final curing. The interlayer insulating films8,10 may have the same composition or different compositions.

EXAMPLES

Concrete examples of the present invention will now be explained, withthe understanding that the invention is in no way limited to theseexamples.

Each of the examples was carried out in an environment without thephotosensitive wavelength of the photoacid generator or photobasegenerator and sensitizing agent used until completion of the developmentstep for the radiation curable composition, to avoid exciting thephotoacid generator or photobase generator.

Example 1

To a solution of 317.9 g of tetraethoxysilane and 247.9 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 1116.7 g of diethyleneglycol dimethyl etherthere was added dropwise 167.5 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt %,over a period of 30 minutes while stirring. After completion of thedropwise addition, reaction was conducted for 3 hours and then a portionof the produced ethanol and the diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether weredistilled off under reduced pressure in a warm bath to obtain 1077.0 gof a polysiloxane solution. To 525.1 g of the polysiloxane solutionthere was added 74.9 g of diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, and themixture was dissolved by 30 minutes of stirring at room temperature (25°C.) to obtain a polysiloxane solution for a radiation curablecomposition. The weight-average molecular weight of the polysiloxane was870 as measured by GPC. Next, 0.150 g of a photoacid generator(PAI-1001, product of Midori Kagaku) was added to 10.0 g of theradiation curable composition polysiloxane solution to prepare aradiation curable composition. The amount of component (a) used was 15wt % with respect to the total radiation curable composition, and theamount of component (b) used was 1.5 wt % with respect to the totalradiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 5-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 200 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (PLA-600F, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 10 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, to dissolve the unexposed sections. The wafer was thenwashed and spin dried. A furnace body was used for heating of the spindried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, toobtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. Upon observing the patternshape of the radiation cured film from the top using an opticalmicroscope and observing the cross-sectional shape using a SEM, it wasfound that the lines had been precisely formed, with a pattern precisionof 10 μm. A cross-sectional SEM photograph is shown in FIG. 2.

Example 2

To a solution of 317.9 g of tetraethoxysilane and 247.9 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 1116.7 g of diethyleneglycol dimethyl etherthere was added dropwise 167.5 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt %,over a period of 30 minutes while stirring. After completion of thedropwise addition, reaction was conducted for 3 hours and then a portionof the produced ethanol and the diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether weredistilled off under reduced pressure in a warm bath to obtain 1077.0 gof a polysiloxane solution. To 525.1 g of the polysiloxane solutionthere was added 53.0 g of diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, atetramethylammonium nitrate aqueous solution prepared to 2.38 wt % (pH3.6) and 3.0 g of water, and the mixture was dissolved by 30 minutes ofstirring at room temperature (25° C.) to obtain a polysiloxane solutionfor a radiation curable composition. The weight-average molecular weightof the polysiloxane was 830 as measured by GPC. Next, 0.193 g of aphotoacid generator (PAI-1001, product of Midori Kagaku) was added to10.0 g of the radiation curable composition polysiloxane solution toprepare a radiation curable composition. The amount of component (a)used was 15 wt % with respect to the total radiation curablecomposition, the amount of component (b) used was 1.9 wt % with respectto the total radiation curable composition, and the amount of component(d) used was 0.075 wt % with respect to the total radiation curablecomposition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 5-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 70° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 200 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (PLA-600F, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 10 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was immersed for 30 seconds in a developing solutioncomprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueoussolution, to dissolve the unexposed sections. The wafer was then washedand spin dried. A furnace body was used for heating of the spin driedwafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain aradiation cured film on the wafer. Upon observing the pattern shape ofthe radiation cured film from the top using an optical microscope andobserving the cross-sectional shape using a SEM, it was found that thelines had been precisely formed, with a pattern precision of 10 μm.

Example 3

To a solution of 74.77 g of tetraethoxysilane and 128.68 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 437.86 g of cyclohexanone there was addeddropwise 58.71 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt %, over a periodof 10 minutes while stirring. After completion of the dropwise addition,reaction was conducted for 3 hours and then a portion of the producedethanol and the cyclohexanone were distilled off under reduced pressurein a warm bath to obtain 343.62 g of a polysiloxane solution for aradiation curable composition. The weight-average molecular weight ofthe polysiloxane was 1020 as measured by GPC. Next, 0.042 g of aphotoacid generator (PAI-101, product of Midori Kagaku) was added to 5.0g of the radiation curable composition polysiloxane solution to preparea radiation curable composition. The amount of component (a) used was 20wt % with respect to the total radiation curable composition, and theamount of component (b) used was 0.8 wt % with respect to the totalradiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 6-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 100 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (FPA-3000 iW, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 2 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, for paddle development to dissolve the unexposedsections. The wafer was then washed and spin dried. A furnace body wasused for heating of the spin dried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in anitrogen atmosphere, to obtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. Uponobserving the pattern shape of the radiation cured film from the topusing an optical microscope and observing the cross-sectional shapeusing a SEM, it was found that the lines had been precisely formed, witha pattern precision of 2 μm.

Example 4

To a solution of 96.13 g of tetraethoxysilane and 165.44 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 562.99 g of propyleneglycol methyl etheracetate there were added dropwise 75.47 g of nitric acid, prepared to0.644 wt % and 18.9 g of a tetramethylammonium nitrate aqueous solutionprepared to 2.38 wt % (pH 3.6), over a period of 5 minutes whilestirring. After completion of the dropwise addition, reaction wasconducted for 3 hours and then a portion of the produced ethanol and thepropyleneglycol methyl ether acetate were distilled off under reducedpressure in a warm bath to obtain 359.94 g of a polysiloxane solution.Propyleneglycol methyl ether acetate was then added thereto to obtain450.02 g of a polysiloxane solution for a radiation curable composition.The weight-average molecular weight of the polysiloxane was 1110 asmeasured by GPC. Next, 0.080 g of a photoacid generator (PAI-101,product of Midori Kagaku) was added to 20.0 g of the radiation curablecomposition polysiloxane solution to prepare a radiation curablecomposition. The amount of component (a) used was 20 wt % with respectto the total radiation curable composition, the amount of component (b)used was 0.4 wt % with respect to the total radiation curablecomposition, and the amount of component (d) used was 0.1 wt % withrespect to the total radiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 6-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 75 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (FPA-3000 iW, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 2 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, for paddle development using a coater/developer (Mark7, product of Tokyo Electron) to dissolve the unexposed sections. Thewafer was then washed and spin dried. A furnace body was used forheating of the spin dried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogenatmosphere, to obtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. Uponobserving the pattern shape of the radiation cured film from the topusing an optical microscope and observing the cross-sectional shapeusing a SEM, it was found that the lines had been precisely formed, witha pattern precision of 2 μm. A cross-sectional SEM photograph is shownin FIG. 3.

Example 5

To 10.0 g of the radiation curable composition polysiloxane solutionobtained in Example 4 there was added 0.040 g of a photobase generator(NBC-101, product of Midori Kagaku), to prepare a radiation curablecomposition. The amount of component (a) used was 20 wt % with respectto the total radiation curable composition, the amount of component (b)used was 0.4 wt % with respect to the total radiation curablecomposition, and the amount of component (d) used was 0.1 wt % withrespect to the total radiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 6-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 100 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (FPA-3000 iW, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 2 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, for paddle development using a coater/developer (Mark7, product of Tokyo Electron) to dissolve the unexposed sections. Thewafer was then washed and spin dried. A furnace body was used forheating of the spin dried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogenatmosphere, to obtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. Uponobserving the pattern shape of the radiation cured film from the topusing an optical microscope and observing the cross-sectional shapeusing a SEM, it was found that the lines had been precisely formed, witha pattern precision of 2 μm.

Example 6

To 10.0 g of the radiation curable composition polysiloxane solutionobtained in Example 4 there was added 0.040 g of a photoacid generator(PAI-101, product of Midori Kagaku) and 0.5 g of polypropylene glycol(PPG725 by Aldrich) as a thermal decomposing compound, to prepare aradiation curable composition. The amount of component (a) used was 20wt % with respect to the total radiation curable composition, the amountof component (b) used was 0.4 wt % with respect to the total radiationcurable composition, and the amount of component (d) used was 0.1 wt %with respect to the total radiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 6-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 100 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (FPA-3000 iW, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 2 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, for paddle development using a coater/developer (Mark7, product of Tokyo Electron) to dissolve the unexposed sections. Thewafer was then washed and spin dried. A furnace body was used forheating of the spin dried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogenatmosphere, to obtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. The filmthickness of the radiation cured film was 3.0 μm, and yet no cracking orother problems were found. Upon observing the pattern shape of theradiation cured film from the top using an optical microscope andobserving the cross-sectional shape using a SEM, it was found that thelines had been precisely formed, with a pattern precision of 2 μm.

Comparative Example 1

To a solution of 132.31 g of tetraethoxysilane and 103.19 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 464.79 g of propyleneglycol monomethyl etherthere were added dropwise 69.73 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt%, over a period of 10 minutes while stirring. After completion of thedropwise addition, reaction was conducted for 3 hours and then a portionof the produced ethanol and the propyleneglycol monomethyl ether weredistilled off under reduced pressure in a warm bath to obtain 487.79 gof a polysiloxane solution. Next, 16.5 g of a tetramethylammoniumnitrate aqueous solution prepared to 2.38 wt % (pH 3.6) was then addeddropwise over a period of 5 minutes while stirring to obtain apolysiloxane solution for a radiation curable composition. Theweight-average molecular weight of the polysiloxane was 1040 as measuredby GPC. Next, 0.150 g of a photoacid generator (PAI-1001, product ofMidori Kagaku) was added to 10.0 g of the radiation curable compositionpolysiloxane solution to prepare a radiation curable composition. Theamount of component (a) used was 15 wt % with respect to the totalradiation curable composition, the amount of component (b) used was 1.5wt % with respect to the total radiation curable composition, and theamount of component (d) used was 0.08 wt % with respect to the totalradiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 5-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 200 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (PLA-600F, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 10 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, to dissolve the unexposed sections. When the wafer waswashed and spin dried, the entire coating dissolved leaving nodiscernible pattern shape.

Comparative Example 2

The procedure was carried out in the same manner as Comparative Example1 up to development, except that the ultraviolet exposure dose of 200mJ/cm² was changed to 1000 mJ/cm². After development, the wafer waswashed and spin dried. A furnace body was used for heating of the spindried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, toobtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. Upon observing the patternshape of the radiation cured film from the top using an opticalmicroscope and observing the cross-sectional shape using a SEM, it wasfound that 10 μm-width lines were formed but the shape wasunsatisfactory. A cross-sectional SEM photograph is shown in FIG. 4.

Comparative Example 3

To a solution of 44.86 g of tetraethoxysilane, 77.22 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane and 0.88 g of a tetramethylammonium nitrateaqueous solution prepared to 2.38 wt % (pH 3.6) in 122.72 g of ethanolthere was added dropwise 35.22 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt %,over a period of 10 minutes while stirring. After completion of thedropwise addition, reaction was conducted for 3 hours and then a portionof the produced ethanol was distilled off under reduced pressure in awarm bath to obtain 205.74 g of a polysiloxane solution for a radiationcurable composition. The weight-average molecular weight of thepolysiloxane was 870 as measured by GPC. Next, 0.150 g of a photoacidgenerator (PAI-1001, product of Midori Kagaku) was added to 10.0 g ofthe radiation curable composition polysiloxane solution, but nodissolution occurred. The amount of component (a) used was 20 wt % withrespect to the total radiation curable composition, the amount ofcomponent (b) used was 1.5 wt % with respect to the total radiationcurable composition, and the amount of component (d) used was 0.01 wt %with respect to the total radiation curable composition.

Comparative Example 4

To a solution of 128.87 g of tetraethoxysilane and 100.51 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 229.97 g of propyleneglycol monomethyl etherthere was added dropwise 67.91 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt %,over a period of 10 minutes while stirring. After completion of thedropwise addition, reaction was conducted for 3 hours to obtain 527.26 gof a polysiloxane solution for a radiation curable composition. Theweight-average molecular weight of the polysiloxane was 980 as measuredby GPC. Next, 0.150 g of a photoacid generator (PAI-1001, product ofMidori Kagaku) was added to 10.0 g of the radiation curable compositionpolysiloxane solution, to obtain a radiation curable composition. Theamount of component (a) used was 15 wt % with respect to the totalradiation curable composition, and the amount of component (b) used was1.5 wt % with respect to the total radiation curable composition.

A 2 mL portion of the radiation curable composition was added dropwiseonto the center of a 5-inch silicon wafer and subjected to spin coating(30 seconds of rotation at 700 rpm) to form a coating on the wafer, andthis was dried for 30 seconds on a 100° C. hot plate. Next, the driedcoating was exposed to ultraviolet rays at 200 mJ/cm² using an exposingapparatus (PLA-600F, Canon) through a negative mask bearing a linepattern with a minimum line width of 10 μm. The wafer carrying theexposed coating was heated on a 100° C. hot plate for 30 seconds andthen allowed to cool naturally until the wafer reached room temperature,after which the wafer was immersed for 30 seconds in a developingsolution comprising a 2.38 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)aqueous solution, to dissolve the unexposed sections. When the wafer wasthen washed and spin dried, the entire coating dissolved leaving nodiscernible pattern shape.

Comparative Example 5

The procedure was carried out in the same manner as Comparative Example4 up to development, except that the ultraviolet exposure dose of 200mJ/cm² was changed to 1000 mJ/cm². After development, the wafer waswashed and spin dried. A furnace body was used for heating of the spindried wafer at 350° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, toobtain a radiation cured film on the wafer. Upon observing the patternshape of the radiation cured film from the top using an opticalmicroscope and observing the cross-sectional shape using a SEM, it wasfound that 10 μm-width lines were formed but the shape wasunsatisfactory. A cross-sectional SEM photograph is shown in FIG. 5.

Comparative Example 6

To a solution of 44.90 g of tetraethoxysilane and 77.20 g ofmethyltriethoxysilane in 122.75 g of ethanol there was added dropwise35.24 g of nitric acid, prepared to 0.644 wt %, over a period of 10minutes while stirring. After completion of the dropwise addition,reaction was conducted for 3 hours and then a portion of the producedethanol was distilled off under reduced pressure in a warm bath toobtain 210.05 g of a polysiloxane solution for a radiation curablecomposition. The weight-average molecular weight of the polysiloxane was910 as measured by GPC. Next, 0.150 g of a photoacid generator(PAI-1001, product of Midori Kagaku) was added to 10.0 g of theradiation curable composition polysiloxane solution, but no dissolutionoccurred. The amount of component (a) used was 20 wt % with respect tothe total radiation curable composition, and the amount of component (b)used was 1.5 wt % with respect to the total radiation curablecomposition.

The results for Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-6 are shown inTable 1. TABLE 1 Curing Exposure PEB Pattern Aprotic acceleration dosetemperature precision Pattern solvent catalyst (mJ/cm²) (° C.) (μm)shape Example 1 present absent 200 100 10 good Example 2 present present100 None 10 good Example 3 present absent 100 100 2 good Example 4present present 75 100 2 good Example 5 present present 100 100 2 goodExample 6 present present 100 100 2 good Comp. Ex. 1 absent present 200100 no pattern formed Comp. Ex. 2 absent present 1000 100 10 poor Comp.Ex. 3 absent present no dissolution of photoacid generator Comp. Ex. 4absent absent 200 100 no pattern formed Comp. Ex. 5 absent absent 1000100 10 poor Comp. Ex. 6 absent absent no dissolution of photoacidgenerator

Example 7

When the radiation curable composition obtained in Example 3 was storedfor 30 days in an atmosphere at −20° C., the storage stability wassuperior compared to storage of the same radiation curable compositionfor 30 days in an atmosphere at ordinary temperature. The radiationcurable composition stored in an atmosphere at −20° C. was successfullypatterned even after storage for 30 days, but the radiation curablecomposition stored for 30 days in an atmosphere at ordinary temperaturecould not be patterned even after 7 days. This is attributed toprogressive condensation of the siloxane resin, with concomitantproduction of water, in the radiation curable composition stored for 7days in an atmosphere at ordinary temperature.

According to the radiation curable composition, method for its storage,forming method of a cured film and patterning method of the invention,it is possible to obtain cured films with excellent pattern precisioneven with a relatively low exposure dose. The invention is thereforeuseful for uses of a pattern, electronic components and opticalwaveguides.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A radiation curable composition comprising (a) asiloxane resin, (b) a photoacid generator or photobase generator, and(c) a solvent capable of dissolving component (a) and containing anaprotic solvent including an ether-based solvent.
 27. A radiationcurable composition according to claim 26, wherein said siloxane resinincludes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compoundrepresented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R′ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different.
 28. A radiationcurable composition according to claim 26, further comprises (d): acuring acceleration catalyst.
 29. A radiation curable compositionaccording to claim 28, wherein said curing acceleration catalyst is anonium salt.
 30. A radiation curable composition according to claim 28,wherein said curing acceleration catalyst is a quaternary ammonium salt.31. A forming method of a cured film comprising steps of: applying aradiation curable composition according to claim 26 onto a substrate anddrying the composition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating,without heating of said coating after said exposure step.
 32. A formingmethod of a cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition according to claim 26 onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, exposing said coating, and heating saidcoating after said exposure step.
 33. A patterning method comprisingsteps of: applying a radiation curable composition according to claim 26onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain a coating,exposing said coating via a mask and removing the unexposed sections bydevelopment, without heating of the coating after said exposure step.34. A patterning method comprising steps of applying a radiation curablecomposition according to claim 26 onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, exposing said coating via a mask,heating said coating after said exposure step and removing the unexposedsections of said coating by development after said heating step.
 35. Apatterning method according to claim 33, wherein tetramethylammoniumhydroxide solution is used as the developing solution in the removalstep.
 36. An use of a pattern wherein a pattern formed by a patterningmethod according to claim 33 is used as a resist mask.
 37. An electroniccomponent possessing a cured film formed by a forming method of a curedfilm according to claim
 31. 38. An optical waveguide possessing a curedfilm formed by a forming method of a cured film according to claim 31.39. An electronic component possessing a pattern formed by a patterningmethod according to claim
 33. 40. An optical waveguide possessing apattern formed by a patterning method according to claim
 33. 41. Astorage method for a radiation curable composition according to claim26, wherein the radiation curable composition is stored at a temperatureof 0° C. or below.
 42. A radiation curable composition comprising (a) asiloxane resin, (b) a photoacid generator or photobase generator, (c) asolvent capable of dissolving component (a) and containing an aproticsolvent, and (d) a curing acceleration catalyst.
 43. A radiation curablecomposition comprising (a) a siloxane resin including a resin obtainableby hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R_(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), (b) a photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, and (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent, wherein thecompound represented by the general formula (1) contains atetraalkoxysilane and a trialkoxysilane.
 44. A radiation curablecomposition comprising (a) a siloxane resin including a resin obtainableby hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic group,X represents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2,with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different,and when n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), (b) a photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, and (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent, wherein thecompound represented by the general formula (1) contains atetraalkoxysilane and a trialkoxysilane and the tetraalkoxysilanecontains a tetraethoxysilane.
 45. A radiation curable compositioncomprising (a) a siloxane resin including a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R_(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), (b) a photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, and (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent, wherein thecompound represented by the general formula (1) contains atetraalkoxysilane and a trialkoxysilane and the trialkoxysilane containsa methyltriethoxysilane.
 46. A radiation curable composition comprising(a) a siloxane resin including a resin obtainable by hydrolyticcondensation of a compound represented by the following general formula(1):R_(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic group,X represents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2,with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different,and when n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), (b) a photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, and (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent, wherein atotal proportion of the one or more atoms selected from the groupconsisting of H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms bonding to oneSi atom with respect to the Si atom in general formula (1) is from 0.90to 0.20.
 47. A radiation curable composition comprising (a) a siloxaneresin including a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (8):SiX₄  (8) wherein X represents a hydrolyzable group, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (8) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (8), (b) a photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, and (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent.
 48. Aradiation curable composition comprising (a) a siloxane resin includinga resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compound representedby the following general formula (8):SiX₄  (8) wherein X represents a hydrolyzable group, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (8) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (8), the resin containing aresin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented bygeneral formula (8), an oligomer of compounds represented by generalformula (8), a partial condensate of compounds represented by generalformula (8), a compound represented by the following general formula(1):R_(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 1-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 1-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), (b) a photoacidgenerator or photobase generator, and (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent.
 49. Aradiation curable composition comprising (a) a siloxane resin, (b) aphotoacid generator or photobase generator, (c) a solvent capable ofdissolving component (a) and containing an aprotic solvent, and anorganic acid or an inorganic acid, wherein the aprotic solvent includesan ether acetate-based solvent or an ether-based solvent.
 50. A formingmethod of a cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², without heating of thecoating after said exposure step.
 51. A forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, and exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm², wherein the siloxane resin includes a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (8):SiX₄  (8) wherein X represents a hydrolyzable group, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (8) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (8).
 52. A forming method ofa cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², wherein the siloxaneresin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (8):SiX₄  (8) wherein X represents a hydrolyzable group, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (8) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (8), and wherein said resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation includes a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic group,X represents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 1-2,with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different,and when n is 1-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 53. A forming method ofa cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², wherein said siloxaneresin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), and wherein a totalproportion of the one or more atoms selected from the group consistingof H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms bonding to one Si atom withrespect to the Si atom of the resin obtainable by hydrolyticcondensation is from 0.90 to 0.20.
 54. A forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, and exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm², wherein said siloxane resin includes a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic groupand includes one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of H,F, N, Si, Ti and C atoms, X represents a hydrolyzable group and nrepresents an integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹may be the same or different, and when n is 0-2, each X may be the sameor different, an oligomer of compounds represented by general formula(1) and/or a partial condensate of compounds represented by generalformula (1), and wherein a total proportion of the one or more atomsselected from the group consisting of H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti andC atoms bonding to one Si atom with respect to the Si atom of the resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation is from 0.90 to 0.20.
 55. Aforming method of a cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiationcurable composition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate anddrying the composition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², wherein said siloxaneresin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic groupand includes one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of H,F, N, Si and C atoms, X represents a hydrolyzable group and n representsan integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be thesame or different, and when n is 0-2, each X may be the same ordifferent, an oligomer of compounds represented by general formula (1)and/or a partial condensate of compounds represented by general formula(1), and wherein a total proportion of the one or more atoms selectedfrom the group consisting of H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atomsbonding to one Si atom with respect to the Si atom of the resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation is from 0.90 to 0.20.
 56. Aforming method of a cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiationcurable composition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate anddrying the composition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², wherein said siloxaneresin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic group,X represents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2,with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different,and when n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), and wherein a totalproportion of the one or more atoms selected from the group consistingof H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms bonding to one Si atom withrespect to the Si atom of the resin obtainable by hydrolyticcondensation is from 0.80 to 0.20.
 57. A forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, and exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm², wherein the siloxane resin is soluble in an aproticsolvent containing an ether-based solvent or an ether acetate-basedsolvent.
 58. A forming method of a cured film comprising steps of:applying a radiation curable composition containing a siloxane resin anda photoacid generator onto a substrate and drying the composition toobtain a coating, and exposing said coating to irradiation of light at adose of 5-100 mJ/cm² without heating of the coating after said exposurestep.
 59. A forming method of a cured film comprising steps of: applyinga radiation curable composition containing a siloxane resin onto asubstrate and drying the composition to obtain a coating, and exposingsaid coating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² withoutheating of the coating after said exposure step, wherein the siloxaneresin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 60. A forming method ofa cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, and exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², wherein the siloxaneresin is soluble in an aprotic solvent containing an ether-based solventor an ether acetate-based solvent, and wherein the siloxane resinincludes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compoundrepresented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic group,X represents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2,with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different,and when n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 61. A forming method ofa cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin and a photoacid generator onto asubstrate and drying the composition to obtain a coating, and exposingsaid coating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm², withoutheating of the coating after said exposure step, wherein the siloxaneresin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of acompound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 62. A patterning methodcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of saidcoating by development, without heating of the coating after saidexposure step.
 63. A patterning method comprising steps of: applying aradiation curable composition containing a siloxane resin onto asubstrate and drying the composition to obtain a coating, exposing saidcoating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask,and removing the unexposed sections of said coating by development,wherein the siloxane resin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolyticcondensation of a compound represented by the following general formula(8):SiX₄  (8) wherein X represents a hydrolyzable group, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (8) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (8).
 64. A patterning methodcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of saidcoating by development, wherein the siloxane resin includes a resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by thefollowing general formula (8):SiX₄  (8) wherein X represents a hydrolyzable group, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (8) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (8), and wherein said resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation includes a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 1-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 1-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 65. A patterning methodcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of saidcoating by development, wherein said siloxane resin includes a resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by thefollowing general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), and wherein a totalproportion of the one or more atoms selected from the group consistingof H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms bonding to one Si atom withrespect to the Si atom of the resin obtainable by hydrolyticcondensation is from 0.90 to 0.20.
 66. A forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of saidcoating by development, wherein said siloxane resin includes a resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by thefollowing general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1 -20 organic groupand includes one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of H,F, N, Si, Ti and C atoms, X represents a hydrolyzable group and nrepresents an integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹may be the same or different, and when n is 0-2, each X may be the sameor different, an oligomer of compounds represented by general formula(1) and/or a partial condensate of compounds represented by generalformula (1), and wherein a total proportion of the one or more atomsselected from the group consisting of H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti andC atoms bonding to one Si atom with respect to the Si atom of the resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation is from 0.90 to 0.20.
 67. Aforming method of a cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiationcurable composition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate anddrying the composition to obtain a coating, exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removingthe unexposed sections of said coating by development, wherein saidsiloxane resin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation ofa compound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic groupand includes one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of H,F, N, Si and C atoms, X represents a hydrolyzable group and n representsan integer of 0-2, with the proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be thesame or different, and when n is 0-2, each X may be the same ordifferent, an oligomer of compounds represented by general formula (1)and/or a partial condensate of compounds represented by general formula(1), and wherein a total proportion of the one or more atoms selectedfrom the group consisting of H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atomsbonding to one Si atom with respect to the Si atom of the resinobtainable by hydrolytic condensation is from 0.90 to 0.20.
 68. Aforming method of a cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiationcurable composition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate anddrying the composition to obtain a coating, exposing said coating toirradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removingthe unexposed sections of said coating by development, wherein saidsiloxane resin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation ofa compound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R′ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1), and wherein a totalproportion of the one or more atoms selected from the group consistingof H, F, B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge, Ti and C atoms bonding to one Si atom withrespect to the Si atom of the resin obtainable by hydrolyticcondensation is from 0.80 to 0.20.
 69. A forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of saidcoating by development, wherein the siloxane resin is soluble in anaprotic solvent containing an ether-based solvent or an etheracetate-based solvent.
 70. A forming method of a cured film comprisingsteps of: applying a radiation curable composition containing a siloxaneresin and a photoacid generator onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, exposing said coating to irradiation oflight at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposedsections of said coating by development, without heating of the coatingafter said exposure step.
 71. A forming method of a cured filmcomprising steps of: applying a radiation curable composition containinga siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying the composition to obtain acoating, exposing said coating to irradiation of light at a dose of5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposed sections of saidcoating by development, without heating of the coating after saidexposure step, wherein the siloxane resin includes a resin obtainable byhydrolytic condensation of a compound represented by the followinggeneral formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R′ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 72. A forming method ofa cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin onto a substrate and drying thecomposition to obtain a coating, exposing said coating to irradiation oflight at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask, and removing the unexposedsections of said coating by development, wherein the siloxane resin issoluble in an aprotic solvent containing an ether-based solvent or anether acetate-based solvent, and wherein the siloxane resin includes aresin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation of a compound represented bythe following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R¹ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R¹ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).
 73. A forming method ofa cured film comprising steps of: applying a radiation curablecomposition containing a siloxane resin and a photoacid generator onto asubstrate and drying the composition to obtain a coating, exposing saidcoating to irradiation of light at a dose of 5-100 mJ/cm² via a mask,and removing the unexposed sections of said coating by development,without heating of the coating after said exposure step, wherein thesiloxane resin includes a resin obtainable by hydrolytic condensation ofa compound represented by the following general formula (1):R¹ _(n)SiX_(4-n)  (1) wherein R′ represents an H or F atom, a groupcontaining a B, N, Al, P, Si, Ge or Ti atom, or a C1-20 organic group, Xrepresents a hydrolyzable group and n represents an integer of 0-2, withthe proviso that when n is 2, each R′ may be the same or different, andwhen n is 0-2, each X may be the same or different, an oligomer ofcompounds represented by general formula (1) and/or a partial condensateof compounds represented by general formula (1).